In the last few weeks, I’ve had to delve back into a subject that I haven’t spent much time researching since my initial deconversion. Ezekiel’s prophecy of Tyre, which can be found in Ezekiel 26-28, was a major piece of evidence for me in showing that the Bible was not as accurate as I had always thought. I’ve written about it twice before: first in a rather matter-of-fact manner, and later with a touch of sarcasm. The blog Thomistic Bent has recently done a 3-part series on Ezekiel’s prophecy of Tyre (1, 2, and 3), and my own posts on the subject have seen a lot of recent activity as well, so I think it’s time that I do a new series on the prophecy in as thorough a fashion as I know how. This will be a lengthy study, so I’ve decided to break it up into several parts.
At Face Value
I think it’s important to state up front that this prophecy simply fails at face value. To me, that’s significant, since God would be powerful enough to ensure that no matter what the prophecy stated, events would unfold exactly as predicted. In the prophecy, Ezekiel states that Tyre would be destroyed:
3 therefore thus says the Lord God: Behold, I am against you, O Tyre, and will bring up many nations against you, as the sea brings up its waves. 4 They shall destroy the walls of Tyre and break down her towers, and I will scrape her soil from her and make her a bare rock. 5 She shall be in the midst of the sea a place for the spreading of nets, for I have spoken, declares the Lord God. And she shall become plunder for the nations, 6 and her daughters on the mainland shall be killed by the sword. Then they will know that I am the Lord.
— Ezek 26:3-613 And I will stop the music of your songs, and the sound of your lyres shall be heard no more. 14 I will make you a bare rock. You shall be a place for the spreading of nets. You shall never be rebuilt, for I am the Lord; I have spoken, declares the Lord God.
— Ezek 26:13-1421 I will bring you to a dreadful end, and you shall be no more. Though you be sought for, you will never be found again, declares the Lord God.”
— Ezek 26:21
And as you can see, in addition to being destroyed, it’s prophesied that Tyre will never be rebuilt or found again. But this is simply not true. We’ll get into the details later, but the simple fact is that once Tyre was finally destroyed, it was immediately rebuilt. Instead of being a bare rock, or even a ruin, it remained an extremely important trade hub in the region for centuries. And it’s the 4th largest city in Lebanon today.
So the events haven’t worked out exactly as the prophecy claimed they would. And for many people, myself included, that’s enough. I view this prophecy as a failure. Nevertheless, there’s much more that can be said by digging into the details of this prophecy, as well as the geography and history of Tyre and its surroundings. A number of people have found ways to claim that this prophecy has been fulfilled by focusing on the minutiae. I don’t find their arguments persuasive, however, and the next several posts will go into my reasons why.
Finding Truth 
@Brandon and Eric,
Both of you raise good points. I’m looking forward to see how the next couple of posts strike you, since I do plan to cover much of what you’ve brought up.
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@Nate: goody! This is exactly the stuff I’d like to see covered. B/c one question that has long bugged me (well, “long”…it hasn’t been that long that I’ve known about the prophecy of Tyre) is that god would prophecy Nebby destroying the city and then later prophecy that Nebby would fail; that kind of thing makes it look like a contemporary writing rather than something written 50+ years before the event and thus a Prophecy.
So, looking forward to it!
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Hi Brandon,
After going back through your most recent comment, I realized that you’ve raised a point that I don’t currently have in my drafts for this series. And I probably won’t add it, because I’m not sure how to work it into the flow of what I’m already covering. Mostly, I’m referencing your point about the “strangers against [Tyre], the most terrible of the nations.”
Why do you feel this couldn’t refer to Nebuchadnezzar? That passage specifies that the king will die by this nation’s hand, but that didn’t happen to Tyre’s king when Alexander took Tyre. And if it had been referring to that future king, does it cause problems for the notion of free will to list out all the sins he’s guilty of before he was even born?
I’m not sure if it’s better to discuss this here, or wait until the series is done, in case there are additional points that might be relevant. I just wanted to go ahead and let you know that this particular issue probably won’t be covered.
Thanks again!
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1. Chiastic structure is a thing. Google it. In this passage there are other chiastic structures, such as gloating and triumphing to weeping, but that’s another concern. The important thing to note here is the metaphor of ‘waves’ of nations that will come up against Tyre. Chiastic structure shows us how. Chiastic structure typically mirrors on a central figure. For instance, in the story of Noah, Noah being UP safe in the ark is a picture of salvation. The journey into the Ark is mirrored exactly by the journey out of the ark. (Interesting side note: the picture of being UP on the waters is also used to describe the safety of Christians on Judgement Day: we’ll be ‘UP’ with the Lord Jesus, not ‘down’ there where Judgement is happening on the earth. As this is some kind of multidimensional event, the normal rules of ‘up’ and ‘down’ don’t apply! But the picture language that describes it does.)
2. So what does the chiastic structure of the main actors in this story reveal? The pattern runs “God, nations, Neb, nations, God”. God will cause waves of nations, Neb will start it all attacking the mainland (‘he’), but then the nations will eventually finish the job. Is it a unified force of many nations all arriving at once? Not really. Hebrew metaphors for very large numbers include sand on the beach, stars in the sky, and other metaphors like that. Waves? They repeat. The point here is that Ezekiel, that ‘maker of metaphors’, does not expect any one person or nation to do the job. He specifically chose the metaphor of waves to express the repeated nature of just how nation after nation after nation would take over Phoenician Tyre until it was totally wiped off the face of the earth.
3. “You”. Note: The Hebrew here moves from land and buildings and architecture to more culturally significant events like music and economics. The “You” here is personal, not impersonal. It’s not tied to a place, but a people. Sure, Tyre will end up like a place to spread nets, and it did, especially in a very dark medieval period. But “You” often addresses a people, not a place. “You” followed Israel, wherever she travelled! Israel moved out of Egypt, into Israel, was then exiled, and then eventually went back home again. The term “you” applied to Israel and followed her, no matter her geographic location. Because it was about a people, not a place! In the same way, “You” will never rebuild again does not specify Tyre the geographic location, but Tyre the people. Yes, when Ezekiel specifically mentions Nebuchadnezzar attacking the mainland settlements, that’s a place. Yes, when the barren rock is mentioned, that is eventually fulfilled. (Middle ages). But “You” will never rebuild is about the Phoenician regime that scoffed at the downfall of God’s people. God is not antagonised by places! His judgement is not against places. It’s against people. He loves this earth, His world, and has sent the gospel out to the ends of the earth, including Tyre! Which leads me to point 4.
4. The New Testament writers were not embarrassed by the existence of Tyre, and they *really* knew their Old Testaments. Indeed, Jesus went there and healed a demon possessed girl. Jesus extends God’s grace to all people in all lands, and bore God’s wrath against sin so that even people from Tyre could be forgiven. Even people like me downunder! So it does not surprise me that God is letting Tyre prosper today. Some of his people probably live there! Indeed, there are even hints in the Old Testament, in Isaiah, that God’s verdict against Tyre is more nuanced than blanket annihilation for all time. Isaiah 23:15–18:
“15 At that time Tyre will be forgotten for seventy years, the span of a king’s life. But at the end of these seventy years, it will happen to Tyre as in the song of the prostitute:
16 “Take up a harp, walk through the city,
you forgotten prostitute;
play the harp well, sing many a song,
so that you will be remembered.”
17 At the end of seventy years, the Lord will deal with Tyre. She will return to her lucrative prostitution and will ply her trade with all the kingdoms on the face of the earth. 18 Yet her profit and her earnings will be set apart for the Lord; they will not be stored up or hoarded. Her profits will go to those who live before the Lord, for abundant food and fine clothes.”
As the Bible Archaeology site says:
“Isaiah prophesied that after 70 years of devastation, Tyre would be restored to worldwide economic prominence (23:15–18). Her trading profit, however, would be set aside for Yahweh. This may refer to the fact that by New Testament times, only Tyrian coinage was allowed for the temple tax. It went to “those who live (sit) before the Lord” to give them food and fine clothes (high priest’s vestments?) (Is 23:18). Interestingly, the phrase “before the Lord” often refers to acts done with a solemn sense of Yahweh’s presence, many times at a sanctuary (Brown, Driver Briggs 1979: 817).”
http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2009/12/07/Ezekiel-261-14-A-Proof-Text-For-Inerrancy-or-Fallibility-of-The-Old-Testament.aspx#Article
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Hi Eclipse Now,
Thanks for the comment. I’ll have to look further into your Isaiah reference. On the surface, it doesn’t seem to be saying very much to me. He doesn’t say when this is supposed to happen, and he doesn’t specify what he means about their profits being “set apart for the Lord.”
To the many nations vs Nebuchadnezzar point, my conclusion about this prophecy doesn’t hinge on it being one way or the other. Maybe Ezekiel was just talking about Nebuchadnezzar — maybe he was talking about many different sieges by many different nations. Either way, I don’t think the heart of the prophecy ever came true, as the rest of this series goes on to show.
Finally, I’m not sold on the prophecy really only being about the people of Tyre. If that were the case, there would be no need to continually use the “rebuild” language — you don’t rebuild people, and people don’t come back to life. All he would have needed to say was that they would be killed or destroyed. No one would ever assume that people who are massacred in an attack could come back in any way, so it doesn’t make sense to claim that this was Ezekiel’s intent.
Really, the prophecy is actually very simple when you break it down: Tyre would be utterly destroyed and never rebuilt. But that’s not what happened. The other articles go into more detail, but that’s just in an effort to cover all the bases.
Anyway, thanks again for the comment — I’ll take some time and look through the Isaiah angle a bit more. Thanks for bringing that to my attention.
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I’m sure Nebachadnezzar was not meant to head the one nation that ‘waved’ against Tyre, because Ezekiel himself says Nebuchadnezzar did not get all the treasure he wanted in Ezekiel 29.
2. Nations are tricky concepts. Individuals in a nation can be massacred but enough survive to rebuild their nation, their culture, their economy, their arts and their traditions again. I’ve yet to talk to a Professor in Old Testament I know to verify this, but the “people, not place” argument comes from this Bible Archaeology link, and traces the use of gender grammar references with regards to nations. See the heading “You will never be rebuilt” about 2/3rds of the way down this long page. Build is discussed first, then the gender grammar.
http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2009/12/07/Ezekiel-261-14-A-Proof-Text-For-Inerrancy-or-Fallibility-of-The-Old-Testament.aspx#Article
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Hi Eclipse Now,
Thanks for the follow up comment. To your point about Nebuchadnezzar and chapter 29, I actually address that in this post:
https://findingtruth.info/2014/09/09/an-examination-of-ezekiels-prophecy-of-tyre-part-4/
According to Ezekiel’s own chronology, he wrote that section of chapter 29 about 15 years after he wrote his prophecy against Tyre. In other words, he had already seen that Nebuchadnezzar’s siege against Tyre ended without much to show for it. I think it would be difficult to prove that this was the outcome Ezekiel expected when he made his prediction. In fact, I think the context strongly indicates the exact opposite: that Nebuchadnezzar’s failure was a surprise to him.
I checked out the article you linked to. I didn’t really see anything in the verb gender arguments that stood out to me. The sections I found most relevant were these:
I give a synopsis of Tyre’s history in this post. And in fact, Tyre did come to international prominence again. It was extremely important in the region for over a thousand years after Alexander’s defeat of Tyre. Even some of the same citizens who left during the siege came back once it was over. Even by the standards given in the above paragraph, I don’t see how it could be said that Ezekiel’s prophecy came true.
Just as a reminder, let’s look again at 26:14:
I’m not sure how the author of the article you referenced can unequivocally say that this verse “does not deny there would be buildings on the island.” Doesn’t look that way to me. As I said in my previous comment, I think the meaning of the prophecy is actually very, very clear. The only reason there’s so much equivocation is because what Ezekiel plainly prophesied didn’t happen.
As I point out in this post, in the Old Testament, God performs all kinds of judgments against nations that are not at all ambivalent. He supposedly ravaged Egypt with 10 plagues that were complete in their totality. Every Egyptian was (supposedly) affected. When he grew tired of Sodom and Gomorrah, he obliterated them. Period. There was nothing left. When Elijah challenged the prophets of Ba’al on Mt Carmel, God (supposedly) left no question as to who the real god was. Yet we come to Ezekiel, who makes the same kind of bombastic claims as we find in earlier parts of the OT: Tyre will be utterly destroyed, scraped bare, no one will be able to find it, and it will never be rebuilt. But instead, Tyre’s history is much like every other ancient city: has some defeats, but is rebuilt and remains successful for the vast majority of its history. The prophecy simply doesn’t match the reality. At least, that’s how it seems to me.
Out of curiosity, is this a topic you’ve been researching for a long time, or have you recently come across it? I’d just be interested in hearing more about your own personal outlook, faith history, etc — if you’re interested in sharing, of course! I checked out your blog’s “About” page, and you sound like a really interesting guy. And for what it’s worth, I’ve always been a big fan of Russian Blue cats! 🙂
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I’ll post the link to the first in my Tyre series here, then the final one in your final post. I think you know you are wrong on this,Nate. Do the right thing and pull it.
https://humblesmith.wordpress.com/2014/04/30/did-ezekiel-prophesy-correctly-about-tyre-part-1/
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“I think you know you are wrong on this,Nate. Do the right thing and pull it.”
I think you got your name wrong.
It should say conceitedsmith.
Wow and seriously you sending the same comments on every single thread on Tyre?
Maybe you should be determinedsmith.
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OMG I can’t believe I forgot to add this line:
“Do the right thing and pull it”
Shit. L’esprit de l’escalier to the max.
Pity there isn’t an edit function.
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Humblesmith left this comment on an earlier post I had done on Tyre as well. This is what I wrote there (and it applies to this thread too):
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Isaiah 23:15-18, Tyre represents Islam(Ishmael) being powerless for seventy years after which she is set free and commits fornication with all the nations of the world. And this is holiness unto the Lord because it is his will. Israel has been established as a nation since 1948 and in may 2018 it will fulfill its 70 years as a nation. But Islam(tyre) will be given her power again. The church is raptured. Israel will be invaded by islam. Islam will succeed in conquering Israel. They will kill the two witnesses Moses and Elijah in Jerusalem. But when the witnesses arise and ascend into heaven after 3 and a half days Islam will be destroyed. Jesus will return to earth with his saints and holy angels and destroy islam(the beast). Israel will be saved. Isaiah 24 is the destruction of the world. Isaiah 25 represents Israel as a nation being saved.
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Sorry, but I continue to be amazed at how certain believers think they have it all figured out. This is going to happen, then that is going to happen, which will trigger the other thing happening.
In any case, I hope I’m still around in May of 2018 so I can watch it all take place. HA!
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“They will kill the two witnesses Moses and Elijah in Jerusalem”
That’s a bummer ! They both are either in Sheol or Heaven and now they have to go back to Earth and die ?
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It’ll be something to behold. I’m kind of excited now that we all have some big event to look forward to.
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Ezekiel’s says that tyre made fun of the jews that were carried away captive by Nebuchadnezzar. therefore Nebuchadnezzar would come and destroy Tyre, which he did. But then God said that Tyre would be destroyed by sinking into the sea. Which it did. and that part of Tyre is still under water to this day. The city of Tyre today was built up from the surrounding islands but the original city of Tyre is still under the sea. In Ezekiel 28, it is speaking of the immediate future(2016). The man who thinks he is God(the antichrist) and satan himself, the king of tyre, who pretends to be God. The are both judged by God and cast down.
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Part of ancient Tyre is underwater. Part on ancient Tyre is above water, including the north harbor,
Ezekiel speaks as if the destruction will be complete, absolute and everlasting, yet it was not complete, absolute, nor did it last very long.
In order for this prophecy and others like it to be viewed as “fulfilled” one must ignore what Ezekiel said and have to maintain that while he used the words he did, he actually meant something less grand, that Ezekiel meant “this” instead of “that” and must beg that reader look it just right, because viewing at face value doesn’t work out so well.
Ezekiel didn’t predict any specific or accurate timelines, so nearly anything that happened to Tyre, no matter the time period or year, could be said to be a fulfillment.
I don’t know, Charles, it just seems that anyone could make any prophecy in such a way and could find a way to argue that it’s been fulfilled in such a way.
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Why is Isaiah 23:15-18 the only place in the Bible that states that 70 years is the generation of one king? Why does every verse in Isaiah 24 speak of the destruction of the people on earth. Isaiah 24:20 states “The earth shall reel to and fro like a drunkard, and shall be removed like a cottage; and the transgression thereof shall be heavy upon it; and it shall fall, and not rise again.” Why? because the antichrist will arise, who is the Islamic leader who shall unite the Sunis and Shias and tell the muslims that they should stop fighting amongst themselves and instead destroy the Christians and Jews. Christians and Jews believe that God is their father and that Christ is his Son. Muslims don’t. Muslims hate Christians and Jews.
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Hi Charles,
The claim about ancient Tyre sinking is simply unsubstantiated apologetics wrangling, as far as I’ve been able to determine. You might want to read the other articles in this series, because I feel like they answer some of the points you’re trying to make about Tyre.
The stuff about an antichrist uniting all Muslims, etc, is along the lines of every failed “end of the world” prophecy that’s ever been. It doesn’t count for evidence, because you’re simply predicting things that will likely never happen. Instead, we would be far more interested in any actual evidence you have for Christianity being true. I think it would be best if we just left the future out of it.
Thanks
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I guess we’ll see in another couple of years.
If 2018 comes and goes without the coming of Jesus, and all that, what would that mean to you?
I’ve been a little sarcastic, and I shouldn’t be. I had been a fervent believer at one time; very active in the church, and studied often, prayed without ceasing. I don’t mean to be rude or dismissive. So let me apologize for that.
But happens if your understanding of it all falls flat?
Will you consider that that bible may just be a mere collection of claims that men wrote down about a god, or will you just reinterpret what’s there, shift it all around as needed to keep it going some how?
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>>”Ezekiel speaks as if the destruction will be complete, absolute and everlasting, yet it was not complete, absolute, nor did it last very long.”<<
We do need to appreciate that we are modern sceptical people reading an ancient document, and sometimes we moderns have an agenda, and so push our style of literalistic reading onto a passage that is full of metaphors. Ezekiel was accused of being the 'maker of metaphors'. We need to respect that. Otherwise, don't we risk sounding a little bit ridiculous, like someone ranting in a Shakespeare play that "Juliet is *not* the sun! No light emits from her or her window!"
What else do we see in Ezekiel's writing that indicates long and highly theological metaphors? Well, what about Ezekiel's super-sized temple? This prophecy goes for a few chapters, and outlines in great detail a perfect temple. Then Jesus comes along and says he will destroy Herod's temple and build it again in 3 days, and of course this turns out to be his resurrection. His body is the perfect temple. Then of course, in 1 Corinthians the church is also the building of God as He dwells in his people.
Metaphors are a thing. Ezekiel used it. We have to deal with it if we're going to have anything sensible to say about the passage.
Again, we need to remember that Jesus and the apostles visited Tyre and did not even flinch at its existence. They *knew* their Law and the Prophets! They did not flinch, or equivocate, or excuse, or explain away. They just accepted the Tyre they knew. Why?
First, ask yourselves whether God cursing his creation sounds like something He would do? He made it, and declared it good. Is a bit of *ground* really bad? Or was it the regime Ezekiel was talking about?
Second, note how *personal* the passage becomes. Ezekiel describes the *nations* coming on Tyre like waves (one after another after another) which is exactly what does happen. But in a highly metaphorical book of the bible, in a section of highly metaphorical verses and chapters of that highly metaphorical book, in prophetic judgement language that is usually full of apocalyptic symbolism anyway, what "you" is being described here? Is it the ground? Who offended God? The ground? That's just silly! This offence is personal. Please note how the language moves from walls and pillars to more personal, cultural matters. Destruction moves from *their* pillars, *their* walls to more personal items like *their* fine houses, *their* harps, *their* music, *their* noisy songs. They will 'dwell in the earth below', in the underworld, the place of the dead. Their people "will not return or take your place in the land of the living". They will never rebuild *their* Tyre.
But here's the thing that others have already noted. What actually becomes of Tyre? Totally abandoned? No! It's a place to spread fish nets. Compare that to a prophecy against my home city of Sydney becoming a 'place to raise sheep'. That means there *are* people there. Someone has to be there to fish and care for their nets and spread them out and go home to sleep and then get up to do it all over again. So can we really say that the prophecy against Tyre declares no one will never ever, ever live there again, ever? Seriously? Fish nets.
Thirdly, here's one last item for consideration. The Old Testament prophets often speak of profound political events, like the fall of Israel or eventually the death of the Christ, as world ending events. Stars falling, moon turning to blood, earth shaking events. I used to read all such language far more literally as about some future end-of-the-world Judgement Day catastrophe. But the Old Testament professor I know has assured me that in many instances it is the apocalyptic symbolism that is speaking of profoundly theological events as I just described: the changing nature of God's relationship to Israel and then the fulfilment of Jesus resurrection. If this is the way Hebrew prophets speak of Israel going into exile, or the temple system being fulfilled and done away with by Jesus death and resurrection, then how objective are we really being when we stamp our feet and insist that our modern, hyper-literalistic English reading of a 2500 year old document *must* be the way to read it? Maybe we actually need to humble ourselves and do a little bit more hermeneutics and respect the culture of the time!
"I will make you a bare rock, and you will become a place to spread fishnets. You will never be rebuilt, for I the Lord have spoken, declares the Sovereign Lord." Turning around and insisting that means the rock or mainland itself will never be resettled not only ignores the fish-nets, it ignores the very personal and people-focussed nature of the prophecy, and forces our own interpretative grid on this passage.
Tyre's special brand of royal homes, music, songs, etc all came to an end. Other regimes wiped them out and threw them into the sea. The only place archaeologists can see parts of ancient Tyre is on the sea floor, exactly as this prophecy predicted. Indeed, go to google scholar and try to find papers on the archaeology of Phoenician Tyre. They can't even dig it up, because it was so thoroughly wiped out and lies under the sea or under Roman ruins that are themselves historically valuable. "You will be sought, but you will never again be found, declares the Sovereign Lord.”
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Equating Tyre with Islam seems extremely tenuous to me.
It is like the Book of Revelation, modern folk seem to think the Books were written primarily for their benefit and forget the original audience. Why ‘God’ give people books where most of the material did not apply to their time?
Revelation was all about what was happening at the time it was written, modern folk might like to think otherwise, but no. As Nate suggested every Christian generation has thought the prophecies of Revelation apply specifically to their generation, it is human nature, but they were all wrong. But of course it is always different this time.
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Hi Eclipse Now,
Out of curiosity, do you think God destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah with fire from the sky? And do you believe the 10 plagues in Egypt were literal?
Thanks
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While I seem to remember scholars I respect saying early Genesis 1 to 11 has a lot of symbolism in it (I’m a Theistic Evolutionist), they think that differentiated chunk of Genesis is moving towards more historical narrative after 11. So, in a word, yes-ish. I remain open to new arguments about the style of literature.
PS: I didn’t tie in my “stars falling, blood moon” paragraph properly. The reason I mentioned those prophecies is that it doesn’t just mention the end of the world, but appears to describe the end of this *universe*. Yet we’re still here after the fall of Israel, death & resurrection of Jesus, end of the temple, etc. A hyper-literalistic reading of a highly metaphorical prophet like Ezekiel is simply not doing justice to the text.
So with a highly symbolic, metaphor rich piece of writing, how do we identify the ‘you’ of Tyre? Is it the mainland? The rock out in the sea? The people? The culture? Or all of the above? It definitely describes the city structures being thrown down, buried under both land and sea. But what about “I will bring you down with those who go down to the pit, to the people of long ago. I will make you dwell in the earth below, as in ancient ruins, with those who go down to the pit, and you will not return or take your place in the land of the living.”
Here’s the question: do geographic locations go to Sheol, the underworld place of death? Or do people? Having noticed this about the passage, I cannot take claims that Ezekiel was proclaiming a geographical location cursed, so that would never be rebuilt. Just as the offence is personal, so is the judgement. The poetic metaphors here are about a *culture* being judged, not a land. Once the waves of the nations have wiped Phoenician Tyre out, and thrown the town into the ocean and leaders into the grave, I don’t think it has anything more to say about what will happen to the *location* after that. From economic superpower punching well over her weight, Tyre went from being the civilisation that introduced the alphabet to the Greeks! and founding Carthage! (whose fight with Rome would militarise her, creating *that* ancient super-power!) to being a place to spread fish nets. Phoenician Tyre was no more. Judgement executed.
Tyre today? No more a problem than the Tyre of Jesus day. They didn’t wince, and neither should we.
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